Addressing the technical challenges in in-situ thermal extraction of lunar polar water ice, efficient gas-solid phase transition and collection of water vapor in a vacuum and cryogenic environment hold significant importance. To investigate the gas-solid phase transition of water vapor on cryogenic surfaces under vacuum and extremely low temperatures, this study establishes a simulation of water vapor-gas-solid phase transition in a vacuum cryogenic environment and constructs an experimental setup for water vapor phase transition. The experimental results are compared with the simulation model to analyze the physical mechanisms influencing frost growth under cryogenic conditions. The findings indicate that the solid phase calculated by the simulation model differs in shape and thickness from the experimental results. This is because water vapor releases a large amount of latent heat during the gas-to-solid phase transition, and the low temperatures generated by liquid nitrogen refrigeration are distributed unevenly. Subsequently, based on the physical mechanisms revealed by the experiment, the multi-physics simulation model is corrected. This revised model can simulate the complex morphological phase transition laws of water vapor gas-solid phase transition under vacuum cryogenic conditions, thereby laying a foundation for the efficient collection of water vapor.