Nanoparticle-based therapies have emerged as a promising approach in oncology, offering enhanced drug delivery, precise targeting, and improved imaging capabilities. This review examines the pivotal role of nanoparticles in therapy from the perspective of ocular tumors, with a particular emphasis on their biomedical functions and applications, while also addressing the challenges currently faced in this field. This review also outlines future directions in the field, encompassing advanced targeting strategies, combination therapy regimens, AI-driven platforms, and personalized nanomedicine, aimed at providing advanced perspectives on nanoparticles in ophthalmic oncology.