Highly vertically oriented 2D/3D tin perovskite films for efficient and stable solar cells
1 State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
2 School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
3 Shaanxi Materials Analysis and Research Centre, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
4 Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi, Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science Engineering Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
5 Frontier Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi’an Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
  • Volume
  • Citation
    Kang Z, Ma M, Han Y, Zhang F, Zhang L, et al. Highly vertically oriented 2D/3D tin perovskite films for efficient and stable solar cells. AI Mater. 2026(3):0009, https://doi.org/10.55092/aimat20260009. 
  • DOI
    10.55092/aimat20260009
  • Copyright
    Copyright2026 by the authors. Published by ELSP.
Abstract

Two-dimensional/three-dimensional (2D/3D) tin perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have considerable potential for lead-free photovoltaics because of their low toxicity and favorable optoelectronic properties. However, their efficiency and stability remain limited by the difficulty of controlling the crystal orientation of 2D/3D perovskites. Here, a long-chain Lewis base molecule containing multiple functional groups, p-biguanidinobenzoic acid hydrochloride (p-BGBA), is introduced to regulate the crystallization kinetics of 2D/3D tin perovskites. The results show that p-BGBA effectively modulates the crystallization process through multiple interactions with the perovskite, thereby promoting the formation of high-quality films with a highly vertical crystal orientation. As a result, the resulting tin PSCs achieve a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 14.96% and retain 91% of their initial performance after 2500 h of storage under a nitrogen atmosphere.

Keywords

perovskite solar cells; 2D/3D tin perovskite; crystal orientation; lewis base molecules

Preview